Copyright Protection through International Means: Before TRIPS and After
ff6c
Copyright Protection through International Means: Before TRIPS and After
var _sf_startpt=(new Date()).getTime()
var base_url = ‘http://www.articlesbase.com/’;var base_images_url = ‘http://images.articlesbase.com/’;var loading_icon = ‘http://images.articlesbase.com/point-loader.gif’;var loading_wide = ‘http://images.articlesbase.com/loadingAnimation.gif’;var loading_large = ‘http://images.articlesbase.com/ajax-loader-2.gif’;var loading_arrows = ‘http://images.articlesbase.com/loading_arrows.gif’;var loading_dots = ‘http://images.articlesbase.com/dots-horizontal.gif’;var captcha_url = ‘/trigger/captcha/’;
var str_qa_type_your_question = escape(”Ask our experts your Copyright related questions here…”); var int_question_title_max_length = 200;
GS_googleAddAdSenseService(”ca-pub-5157679868954075″);
GS_googleEnableAllServices();
GA_googleAddAttr(”Category”, “Law”);
GA_googleAddSlot(”ca-pub-5157679868954075″, “Article_Bottom”);
GA_googleAddSlot(”ca-pub-5157679868954075″, “Article_Left2″);
GA_googleFetchAds();
function fbLogin(backlink){
if (backlink == null || backlink == ”){
backlink = ”;
} else {
backlink = ‘&backlink=’+encodeURIComponent(backlink);
}
FB.init({appId: ‘d4f0261b49c9a6e9ef675169020100ae’, status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true});
FB.login(function(response){
if (response.session){
if (response.perms){
// user is logged in and granted some permissions. perms is a comma separated list of granted permissions
window.location = ‘/auth/connect?status=success’+backlink;
} else {
window.location = ‘/auth/connect?status=permissions_error’+backlink; // user is logged in, but did not grant any permissions
}
} else {
window.location = ‘/auth/connect?status=not_logged’+backlink; // user is not logged in in facebook
}
}, {perms:’email,publish_stream,offline_access’});
}
function fbInit(){
FB.init({appId: ‘d4f0261b49c9a6e9ef675169020100ae’, status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true});
}
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-318473-1']);
_gaq.push(['_setCustomVar', 2, 'Category', 'Law', 3],
['_setCustomVar', 3, 'SubCategory', 'Copyright', 3],
['_setCustomVar', 4, 'PenNameId', 1058157, 3],
['_setCustomVar', 5, 'PublishDate', '2011-06', 3],
['_trackPageview']);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageLoadTime']);
(function() {
var ga = document.createElement(’script’); ga.type = ‘text/javascript’; ga.async = true;
ga.src = (’https:’ == document.location.protocol ? ‘https://ssl’ : ‘http://www’) + ‘.google-analytics.com/ga.js’;
var s = document.getElementsByTagName(’script’)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
})();
Free Online Articles Directory
Why Submit Articles?
Top Authors
Top Articles
FAQ
ABAnswers
function show_login_box() {
// move banner patch
if($(’.static_pg_right_col’).length > 0 && $.browser.msie ) {
var ie_version = parseInt($.browser.version);
if(ie_version
Login
if($.cookie(”screen_name”)) {
$(’#logged_in_true li span’).html($.cookie(”screen_name”).replace(/+/g,’ ‘));
$(’#logged_in_true’).css(’display’, ‘block’);
$(’#top-authors-tab’).css(’display’, ‘none’);
} else {
$(’#logged_in_false’).css(’display’, ‘block’);
}
Email
Password
Remember me?
Lost Password?
Home Page > Law > Copyright > Copyright Protection through International Means: Before TRIPS and After
Copyright Protection through International Means: Before TRIPS and After
Posted: Jun 18, 2011 |
var addthis_config = { “data_track_clickback”:true, ui_language: “en” }
google_ad_channel = AB_cat_channel + AB_unit_channel;
google_language = “en”;
Copyright Protection through International Means: Before TRIPS and After
By Bashar Malkawi
Protection of intellectual property plays an important role in the international economic sphere.[1] Developed countries, as producers of goods and services, have an incentive to implement strong and effective intellectual property laws.[2] However, developing countries have traditionally thought that strong intellectual property laws would impede their economic development and as a consequence have historically sought lower level of intellectual property protection.
The concept of international protection of copyright is first developed through the Berne Convention of 1886. Later on, the Berne Convention was revised several times. The Berne Convention and its revisions became the basis for World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), created in 1967 as a specialized agency of the United Nations. WIPO serves as a forum for negotiation with no effective measures to enforce protection. WIPO continues to exist today but it is teethless and international copyright protection now stems from the World Trade Organization (WTO). Radically, copyright protection changed with the creation of the WTO and its Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). TRIPS set minimum international standards for copyright protection that can be enforced through trade sanctions. Developed countries further pushed copyright protection by negotiating the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). ACTA significantly change the enforcement measures and sanctions against copyright infringement.
The purpose of this article is not to exhaustively narrate the history of copyright protection at the international level, but rather to highlight the major changes that were driven by international agreements. This article will examine copyright protection in the Berne Convention, the original international document to protect copyright. Then, the article will delineate the current international agreements protecting copyright with emphasis on TRIPS. The article also highlights recent developments in the international protection of copyright by negotiating the ACTA. Lastly, the article ends with set conclusions. The article argues that throughout history the debate was and will be squared between the economic needs for developed countries who seek strong copyright protection and the development needs for developing countries who seek lower level of copyright protection. Over time, the trend seems to further strengthen copyright protection and limit exceptions as much as possible. What is troubling that countries are now moving from the multilateral framework for copyright protection-represented by Berne and TRIPS- to plurilateral framework as represented by the recently negotiated ACTA.
[1] See Daniel Gervais, TRIPS and Development, in Intellectual Property, Trade and Development: Strategies to Optimize Economic Development in a TRIPS-Plus Era 3, 12 (Daniel Gervais ed., 2007).
[2] See Frederick M. Abbott, Protecting First World Assets in the Third World: Intellectual Property Negotiations in the GATT Multilateral Framework, 22 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 689, 697-98 (1989).
-
About the Author:
bashar malkawi is associate professor of law at hashemite university, jordan. He holds LLM in international trade law from university of arizona and sjd from american university, washington college of law.
Article Source
